Bio 204 Basic Anatomy Physiology Final Exam ( Fall 2016...

Bio 204 Basic Anatomy Physiology Final Exam (Fall 2016) Please use your own words and give examples where necessary. 1. Define homeostasis, and state why it is a central concept for physiology. How does negative feedback differ from positive feedback? (5) Homeostasis is when the internal environment of the body remains relatively constant. It’s the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment that is relative to its surroundings. Negative feedback is when the receptor is triggered the body negates the original stimulus, trying to minimize change helps maintain homeostasis. Positive feedback is when the body produces extreme responses, when the body exaggerates the original response instead of opposing it, this does not help maintain homeostasis. 2. Identify the basic structures of the cell and explain the physiological role of the cell in the human body. Compare and contrast the erythrocyte, nerve cell, and sperm cell. With respect to our composite cell, how do they relate? (How are they similar? How are they different) (9) The cell consists of three main parts being the nucleus, cytoplasm, and the cell membrane. Within the cytoplasm there are specialized organelles that do special functions for the cell. Cells are the building blocks of plants and animals. Cells are the smallest units that perform all crucial physiological functions. The nerve cell detects changes in the internal and external environment. Sperm cells are specialized to deliver

Homelessness Essay - 2928 Words

Throughout the entire history of human civilization, the prevalence of homelessness has been a challenge to every nation. It might be depressing to learn that no countries today have eradicated homelessness, but the human race is never stopped from trying harder than before to tackle this prolonged issue. As the two leading economic powers, America and China have to face the challenge of reducing homelessness. According to a report written by Nation Coalition for the Homeless, â€Å"a study done by the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty which states that approximately 3.5 million people, 1.35 million of them children, are likely to experience homelessness in a given year† in America alone (National Coalition for the Homeless, July†¦show more content†¦They end up being constantly laid off or cannot find a suitable position at all. The unemployed thus become a part of the homeless community. Thirdly, the marginalization of the poor also contributes to the homeless remaining on the street. Partly because of low socioeconomic status, the already homeless rarely receive fair treatment from people of other classes. Constant rejection by others has made them cynical about the society and consequently, they refuse to receive help of any kind. Last, an adequate support system has not been established in China: the number of homeless people greatly exceeds the shelters’ capacity, leaving many of the homeless unaided. To date, since all the Chinese shelters are sponsored by the government, lack of funding to support relief programs has become a major obstacle to reduction of homelessness. Another aspect of homeless service system in these two nations worth investigating is those who are qualified to receive help. In the U.S., shelters seem to provide help to a broader range of homeless population compared to their counterparts in China. The traditionally defined homeless are not the only ones who will be served. The unemployed, substance abusers, victims of domestic violence, and people with physical or mental disabilities can also seek help in a shelter. Many shelters encourage all homeless people to enter and receive service as long as they are optimistic and have strongShow MoreRelated Homelessness in America Essay608 Words   |  3 Pages Homelessness is not something that was created over night; it has existed for a long time; often we choose not to see the homeless, or bother with them, so we look the other way.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Homelessness is not prejudice toward race, creed, or religion--it has no boundaries; all homeless people should not be stereotype d as being drug abusers or the mentally ill that have been released from mental hospitals. Homelessness is not a disease that a person can catch from bodily contact, but it certainlyRead MoreArgumentative Essay On Homelessness1485 Words   |  6 PagesArgumentative Essay Draft 2 Although most American citizens do not typically notice government programs in their daily lives, implemented policies have major effects on American citizens. It is estimated that around 1.35 million children suffer from homelessness due to their families living on the streets (Crook). With this massive housing conundrum, the United States government should increase funding for the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act. Increased funding would decrease homelessness by loweringRead More Homelessness Essay559 Words   |  3 Pages Homelessness in our society. The existence of homeless people in our society is still evident today. Everywhere you look around our cities, parks and streets it is likely that you will witness a homeless person struggling to survive. 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With all the moneyRead MorePersuasive Essay On Homelessness1074 Words   |  5 PagesAstonishingly, 564,708 people are currently homeless in the United States, according to Social Solutions (Social Solutions, 2016). The topic, â€Å"Living Poor,† has only become much more apparent in the news and in everyday life. Two essays, On Compass ion by Barbara Lazear Ascher and On Dumpster Diving by Lars Eighner, can be evaluated as discussing two different aspects of the homeless situation in America. After close reading, On Compassion more effectively achieves its purpose of defining compassionRead More homelessness Essay497 Words   |  2 Pages All over America, there are people wandering the streets without a home. These individuals are seen as a crowd, a separate collective existence. They are called the homeless, as if that defines who they are, but we too often neglect to add the unspoken word in that title: people. 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There are many ways an individual can become homeless, for the most part it is poverty. There are also different concentrations of homeless in different types of environments, such as urban or suburban areas. Last, there is the ever-growing homeless population, and how much money it costs us for others to live in poverty. A way we can help find the solution to this problem, is to know the facts about this lingeringRead MoreHomelessness in America Essay1172 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Bush Administration consisting of $528.5 billion for homeless programs (Romeo 1). The problem of homelessness and extreme poverty is not a new occurrence; but in past years more extreme measures have been taken to combat the issue as more people become homeless. Expensive social programs and housing developments for the homeless have been created to help battle the increasing issue. Homelessness is an expensive problem that will never end; f urthermore, the condition of homeless people in AmericaRead MoreHomelessness - Speech Essay628 Words   |  3 PagesHomelessness - Speech Ladies and gentlemen, I would like to begin by telling you a little story. Everyday, on my way to work, I come across this smart and neat young man selling the Big Issue. I never pay much attention to him and in fact would rather he wasn’t there at all making me think about all those people in the UK who, like him, are homeless. How many of you have ever felt that same way? Most of us try to ignore these people living in the streets who are forced

Effects of Big Business Subsidies on Local Economies Free Essays

Julian Diaz Eco 212 Tax breaks Big Business Subsidies Across the nation corporations have realized that they hold the fundamental building block to the growth of their revenues, and economic growth of small economies. Claiming that merely their presence are the key to fixing local economies. Politicians are willing to funnel, in some cases, millions of dollars from taxpayers pockets and into the wallets of corporations to set up shop in their town. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Big Business Subsidies on Local Economies or any similar topic only for you Order Now Corporations with capital and willingness to invest are waiting around for the highest bidder, our bidders being the local governments attempting to find a way to a better local economy . These techniques are essentially paying the corporation to set up shop in their local economies. Local governments need to realized that big business as effective as it is in creating new jobs in the short run and stimulating the economy on a macroeconomic scale, are not benefiting the local economy in the long run and some cases short run. In order to truly understand the whys and wherefores for big business’ to not receive local government subsidies, a look into the negative effects of these business on the local economies, and how these subsidies should be allocated to maximize the positive growth of a local town are essential. The use of tax incentives to lure in big business may seem appealing at first but there are both short and long run negative effects, allowing these tax incentives to continue is not benefiting the economy just the large corporations who do not reallocate these resources into the local economy, and what do local governments and economies really see as a result of these tax subsidies. â€Å"Traditional economic development approaches have focused on trying to fill the bath tub while neglecting to plug the drain. An increasing number of communities are now seeking ways to â€Å"plug the drain† and limit the dollars that leak out of their local economy†1 Corporations are misleading government officials with ideas centered around the creation of jobs and economic growth, what they happened to leave out during negotiations are the negative effects that big retailers have on the local economy. The past success of our nation’s economy has been driven by the ability to have free competition among business, a free market allows for the allocation of labor, and prices based upon demand. Major national retail chains and small businesses do share the need to consume in order to operate. However, the economic impact of small business to a local economy triumph that of the national chain stores. A study performed by the Maine Center for Economic Development consumption of small business benefit the local economy compared for every 100 dollars spent by a business how it impacted the local economy. â€Å"MECEP’s analysis found that in general every $100 spent at locally owned businesses generates an additional $58 in local impact. By comparison, $100 spent at a representative national chain store generates $33 in local impact. Stated differently, MECEP found that money spent at local businesses generates as much as a 76% greater return to the local economy than money spent at national chains. † This data was collected from 350 small business in the Portland area. The reason for such a higher effect being produced from the small business is derived from the fact that the goods they purchase are from other locally owned business. Government officials who feel that luring in these big businesses with tax incentives will benefit the economy need to find a way to improve local businesses first and â€Å"plug† the drain. Let’s assume that our local economy is like a city’s economy, if they allowed a major corporation to step in and open up shop, and increase sales revenue by 50 % wouldn’t that sound great. Add in the creation of new jobs for this economy, even better. However, where are the revenues from this increased sales going? They are not benefiting the government or local citizens because those sales taxes will at best be the break even cost of luring the big business with tax incentive. Once a major store opens like Wal-Mart there is are diminishing incentives to open up other location anywhere near original location as to not over infiltrate the market and split revenues while doubling operating costs. So now, where is this money that is being made going? Sure, some of it is being reintroduced into our economy through wages, however wages make up such a minute percentage of their revenues. Money is flowing out of the local economy and directed to be invested elsewhere, leaving the government breaking even small business losing revenue from decreased sales and lower product prices. A small study performed in salt lake city analyzed â€Å"Fifteen retailers and seven restaurateurs, all independent and locally-owned, participated in the local survey. Collectively, these retailers return a total of 52. 0% of all revenue to the local economy while these restaurateurs return 78. 6%†. The study although analyzed on a small scale did show that national chains and big business drive money out of the local economy. Some may argue for â€Å"Creative Destruction† arguing that although in the short run Wal-Mart may close out some stores in direct competition that those storefronts will be filled again. However, with a store like Wal-Mart which offers goods varying from groceries to electronics to lawn and garden, the available markets available to fill those closed out stores cannot make up for the amount of markets which have been driven out of the local economy. How many restaurants, ice cream parlors can a city have before that market infiltrated? Wal-Mart makes up about 1% of all retail employment in the country. There is no doubt that they contribute to overall employment in the country, however the effects of Wal-Mart openings to local governments are far from beneficial. A study performed at the institute for the study of labor found that â€Å"because Wal-Mart stores employ an average of 360 workers, this suggests that for every new retail job created by Wal-Mart, 1. 4 jobs are lost as existing businesses downsize or close. † The researcher took all biases into account including labor growth rate before Wal-Mart arrived. When Wal-Mart opens a new location they force small business in the closer area to have to down size reducing their workers, lower prices, and cutting back on possible investments. So for every job created by Wal-Mart 1. are lost that small business could have provided. The 1. 4 jobs would be how many jobs would have been available if Wal-Mart did not open up shop. Allowing government officials to give subsidies to these large business is an obscured vision of a positive future. Small business make up a large portion of sales revenues and impact the local economy stronger than Wal-Mart. The use of Tax subsidies to help encour age economic growth has been seen to stimulate short run economies; however the long run effects of these subsidies are far different. Currently in the region of St. Louis 5. 8 billion dollars have already been committed to economic development incentive programs. These programs offer subsidies to big businesses and chain stores to come in and help induce economic growth. The regional effects of these tax incentives resulted in an 17 year span an annual growth of employment of only . 8 percent from 1990-2000, however 2000-2007 only saw a . 2 percent growth in jobs, the loss in growth was due to the new introduction of tax incentives targeted towards reeling in big business. This introduction of retail chain subsidies shifted the placement of workers, losing 35,000 workers in the manufacturing industry and creating 200,000 jobs in the service industry. The average goods producing worker makes 55,000 dollars a year however the average service worker only makes 40,000 so this created significant decrease in the wages of the workers. A report compiled by the East West Government council stated: â€Å"One of the intended goals of the use of tax incentives at the municipal level is to increase taxable sales or sales tax revenues. Due to the substantial investment in retail development in the region, an increase in taxable sales would be expected, but the regional total taxable sales increased only moderately from 1993 to 2000 and remained relatively flat through 2007† Some may argue that the effects of the tax subsidies will be able to create enough big business support by creating more jobs across the area and that the crowding out effect would allow there to be more jobs than there was before. In a good amount of cases we did see this. Studies showed that some areas the big business were able to create jobs for those who lost them in small business. Although they were able to cover the amount of jobs, this did not benefit the economy by closing out competition, offering lower paying jobs, finding more loopholes to not pay taxes, this does not benefit the area’s economy. When is it enough? Have we forgotten about Detroit and Pennsylvania. There will come a time when government subsides will have allowed the market to be infiltrated by big business and rule out small business. In Detroit for xample a city where a significantly large portion of workers, were employed in the automobile industry, when they industry left there was no backbone for the economy to support itself. All Detroit ever knew was big business manufacturing, without those large manufactures keeping jobs the economy will be in the whole. Imagine a stock portfolio would you invest all your money into one asset, when the number one rule is to di versify to limit the risk of a huge downfall? Local governments need to fix struggling economies from the inside out, not inversely. By allowing small businesses to receive tax incentives further growing the money spent locally as a result of small business buying operating goods from one another, by not subsidizing big businesses governments can insure a larger effect of economic growth by reducing the economic leakage which is occurring in so many regions, and lastly we can see real larger marginal returns on tax subsidies, the amount that is spent on big business subsidies is largely inflated from governments bidding for the big business to come to them, could be spent on growing inside out. The effects of local governments subsidizing big business to induce economic growth are misleading and unproductive to the overall long-term growth of an economy. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Garrett Martin Amar Patel, â€Å"Going Local,† Quantifying the Economic Impacts of Buying from Locally Owned Businesses in Portland,Maine (2011), Economic Study, 10-18-2012 . [ 2 ]. Civic Economics, â€Å"Indie Imapact Study Series,† The Civic Economics of Retail (2012), 10/18/2012 . 3 ]. SOBEL, BY ANDREA M. DEAN AND RUSSELL S. â€Å"Has Wal-Mart Buried † Does Small Business Decline When Wal-Mart Enters the Market (2008): 8 pp. 10-18-2012 . [ 4 ]. David Neumark /Junfu Zhang /Stephen Ciccarella, â€Å"The Effects of Wal-Mart on Local Labor Markets,† 1 (2007), 101/18/2011 . [ 5 ]. East West Gateway: Coucil of Governments, (An Assessment of the Effectiveness and Fiscal Impa cts of the Use of Development Incentives in the St. Louis Region), 10-18-2012 . How to cite Effects of Big Business Subsidies on Local Economies, Papers

Kara Rose free essay sample

On Friday, January 13, 1995, my cousin, Kara Rose, came into the world. She had bright red hair just like her sister and two brothers. She looked perfectly healthy from the outside, but on the inside, the doctors had failed to detect a serious problem. When she began to have trouble breathing and she turned blue, the doctors immediately put her on oxygen and began to run tests. They found that Kara had been born without part of her heart. The doctors said they would do everything they could, but didnt think she would live long enough to leave the hospital. When she was four days old, she had her first operation. My family stayed together during this critical time, hoping everything would turn out for the best. I was skeptical and anxious hoping the doctors would be able to prolong her life. Karas strength and determination to live ware strong. We will write a custom essay sample on Kara Rose or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Eventually, she could go home. We all waited patiently while the doctors searched for ways to help her. Every day I hoped for new technology that could give Kara a new heart. When she was eighteen months old, send Kara went to The Childrens Hospital in Boston, where a renowned cardiologist performed a series of operations. There was no guarantee she would make it through the surgery, but she triumphed. Kara grew stronger every day, and it was not long before she was well enough to be around people. We went to visit her. She had an amazing personality. She had a constant smile and loved being around people. I took her in my arms and walked her up and down the street. When she fell asleep against my body, happy and content, I realized how precious life really is. This innocent child had not been given something I took for granted. As I stood by the side of the road with her warm breath against my neck, I decided to live every day of my life to the fullest. This child who is 15 years younger than I has gone through more trauma and pain than I ever have. I admire her strength, perseverance and determination. Kara has taught me that no matter how bad things seem, they can work out in the end. Knowing this small, beautiful child has made me a stronger person. I now believe that the odds can be beaten.